What makes the computer's representation special is that it can be manipulated so rapidly without direct human intervention. Once ...the program is determined and the machine set to work, the electrons fly until an answer is produced. An abacus can produce an answer mechanically by means of a person who unthinkingly slides the counters according to the rules. And yet the very fact that a human being is needed to push the counters suggests a close link between man and machine. The abacus is a tool rather than a machine, for it extends human technical capabilities while remaining intimately under human control. A machine runs more or less under its own control, with its own sense of purpose and its own inanimate source of power.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
A machine is characterized by sustained, autonomous action. It is set up by human hands and then is more or less set loose from hu...man control. It is designed to come between man and nature, to affect the natural world without requiring or indeed allowing humans to come into contact with it. Such is the clock, which abstracts the measurement of time from the sun and the stars: such is the steam engine, which turns coal into power to move ships or pump water without the intervention of human muscles. A tool, unlike a machine, is not self-sufficient or autonomous in action. It requires the skill of a craftsman and, when handled with skill, permits him to reshape the world in his way.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
The learned professors have been at considerable pains in their attempts to make a distinction between tools and implements on the... one hand, and machinery on the other. Nor have they arrived much of anywhere. The one is continually shading into the other. Here is an ordinary shovel used by a day labourer in a ditch; here is the same shovel with a somewhat thicker handle, containing a pneumatic attachment which is said to improve its digging power; here is a very much larger shovel with curved ends and steel teeth, hitched to an arm that is hitched to a steam engine, which can gobble up a cartload of dirt at one mouthful. Where does the tool stop and the machine begin? A grindstone is widely held to be a primitive tool; a turret lathe is widely held to be a machine. Both spin around. What is the essential difference? The employment of nonhuman power, steam, oil, gas, has been defined as the difference. Well and good. Then everything worked by human hands and legs is a tool only, and bicycles, typewriters, adding machines, sewing machines, foot lathes, clocks, hand-pumps--are not machines. Which is absurd. And what is one to do with treadmills for grinding corn, whose motive power is said by some to be the donkey, and by some the carrot in front of his nose?LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
In a sense, every tool is a machine--the hammer, the ax, and the chisel. And every machine is a tool. The real distinction is betw...een one man using a tool with his hands and producing an object that shows at every stage the direction of his will and the impression of his personality; and a machine which is producing, without the intervention of a particular man, objects of a uniformity and precision that show no individual variation and have no personal charm. The problem is to decide whether the objects of machine production can possess the essential qualities of art.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
Computers "remember" things in the form of discrete entries: the input of quantities, graphics, words, etc. Each item is separable..., perhaps designated by a unique address or file name, and all of it subject to total recall. Unless the machine malfunctions, it can regurgitate everything it has stored exactly as it was entered, whether a single number or a lengthy document. This is what we expect of the machine. Human memory, on the other hand, is the invisible psychic adhesive that holds our identity together from moment to moment. This makes it a radically different phenomenon from computer memory. For one thing, it is fluid rather than granular, more like a wave than a particle. Like a wave, it spreads through the mind, puddling up here and there in odd personal associations that may be of the most inexplicable kind. It flows not only through the mind, but through the emotions, the senses, the body. We remember things as no computer can--in our muscles and reflexes: how to swim, play an instrument, use a tool.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
Above all, however, the machine has no feelings, it feels no fear and no hope ... it operates according to the pure logic of proba...bility. For this reason I assert that the robot perceives more accurately than man.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
Then for a moment all there was was size, Confusion, and a roar that drowned the cries... He raised against the gods in the machine.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
Ben Guarino: Whad'a we goin' to do about these machine guns? Chief Detective: What can we do about them? There's no law again...st manufacturing them, just against havin' them. They can't get 'em in one state, they go across the border and get 'em in another. These fellows bootleg machine guns like they bootleg booze. Ben Guarino: Yeah, they better do somethin' about that, because with these toys to play with what happened before will look like a tea party.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
The press, the machine, the railroad, the telegraph are premises whose conclusion once a thousand years have passed no one has dar...ed to draw as yet.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »